Machine for setting fasteners



Nov. 29, 1960 J. P. TRECIOKAS 2,951,560

MACHINE FOR SETTING FASTENERS Filed Feb. 21, 1958 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR Jacob P Treciokas MMJLW JATTORNEY Nov. 29, 1960 .1. P. TRECIOKAS MACHINE FOR SETTING FASTENERS 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Feb. 21, 1958 INVENTOR Jacob P 'IFeaiokas TORNEY Nov. 29, 1960 J. P. TRECIOKAS 2,961,660

MACHINE FOR SETTING FASTENERS Filed Feb. 21, 1958 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 \NVENTOR Jacob E 77-ecie k s ATTO R N EY MACHINE FoR snrrmo FASTENERS Jacob P. Treciokas, Oakville, Conn.,. assignor to Scovill Manufacturing Company, Waterbury, Conn, a corporation of Connecticut Filed Feb. 21, 1958, Ser. No. 716,812

4 ims- (Cli- 1-1 8) This invention relates to improvements in a machine for setting fasteners upon garments and particularly for use on a special type of garment, such as baby pants.

In open-type baby pants, there are two side openings attached together by snap fasteners. The edges along the side openings are covered with binding tapes to reinforce that portion of the garment for receiving the fastener members. Initially, these binding tapes, are considerably longer than the lengths of the garment side openings and after they are stitched thereto leave extended tabs that must be folded over against the garment and held in place by the attached fastener elements. These extended tabs are not uniform in length and consequently after they are folded over the edges of the garment, they extend varying distances inwardly beyond the location of the attached end fastener elements and the excessive lengths of the tapes have to be cut ofl or trimmed close to the end fastener elements. In the construction of such garments, it is customary to set three pairs of complementary snap fastener elements on the binding tapes of the side openings and one of the require ments is that the end fastener elements must be set a uniform distance from the fold line of the tab, that is from the edges of the garment and also that the end fastener elements be evenly spaced from the center element.

A machine for automatically setting and properly gauging the position of a plurality of fastener elements upon a garment is disclosed in the Carpinella et al. Patent ,734,653 and this invention is incorporated in a machine of that general type.

One of the objects of my invention is to provide an improved mechanism which will operate to fold the extended tabs of the binding tape along the edge .openings of a garment and set the fastener elements through the folded portions of the tapes.

Another object is to combine with such a machine a simple and reliable automatic means for shearing off the excessive lengths of the folded-over tabs at .a predetermined distance from the fastener elements set at the opposite ends of the garment openings.

Another object is to provide a mechanism that will force one of the parts of the fastener elements through the taped edge of the garment prior to the final setting operation and the tab-cutting operation.

In the accompanying dra in s. I h e vshow fo p poses of illustration, one embodiment which my invention may assume in practice. In the drawings:

1 is a front el at on of a fasten r setting m chine having embodied therein my tab f olding and .cutoff mechanism nd h wing t e m c an sm a its norm starting position;

2 is a pl n ie 9 the s m 3 is a front le nt q n V e Q on -end of he chine on a larger scale sho ng one of the tabends folded and ready to be sheared just prior to the setting of one of the end fastener elements;

Fig. 4 is a left end view of the machine;

2,961,550 Patented Nov. 29, 1960 Fig. 5 is a perspective view of the combined holder and cutter finger;

Fig. 6 is a sectional view through the setting punch;

Fig. 7 is a plan view of a typical garment upon. which my machine is adaptedto operate;

Fig. 8 shows the lower die unit and the mechanism for operating same; and

Fig. 9 shows hew the upper and lower dies cooperate in the setting of the fastener elements and tab-cutting operation.

The fastener setting machine of the type represented by the above-listed Qarpinella patent employs, a movable work table or carriage in which a garment is, secured and carried back and forth relative to a setting station of the machine for setting a plurality of fastener elements on said garment at predetermined positions and properly spaced relationship.

Onev type of garment 01.1 which my invention is adapted to operate is the OP FQrIYPe baby pants P, such as shown in Fig. 7 which in its normal flat state is of substantially l ss shape and is adapted to be folded with its side openings attached together by detachable snap fasteners F to complete, the pants. The side openings are reinforced with folded binder tapes T stitched in place and through which. the. fastener elements F are attached. The tapesf'l when initially applied to the side openings have tabs Te that extend beyond the body of the garmentas shown in dotted outlines in Fig. 7. These tabs have to be folded over upon the, binder tapes adjacent the open ends of the garment to which the end fastener elements are secured and then the excessive lengths of the folded tabs inwardly of the end elements are cut off.

In the drawings, the numeral 10 designates a support pedestal of a fastener. attaching machine. Said pedestal is provided with a bed plate 11 upon which is mounted a frame 12 having a head 13 within which is a vertically operated plunger 14 in line with the setting station of the machine. Que of the elements of a fastener member, here shown as a socket member F1 (see Figs. 6 and 9), may be fed from a suitable hopper (not shown) through a track 15 to transfer guide 16 (see Fig. 4) through which they are fed one at a time by the usual Pusher mechanism into a receiver 17 and held by a set of jaws 18. The receiver 17 is slidably carried on the lower end of an upper setting die 14a fitted into the plunger 14 (see Fig. 6). A complemental fastener element here shown as a prong ring F2 may be fed down track 20 and carried forward into the lower die 21 by a suitable pusher mechanism 20a in the usual manner (see Fig. 8). The lower die -21 .is slidable in a die housing 21a attached to an extension 12a projecting forwardly from the frame 12. The manner in which the lower die operates in conjunction with the upper die unit will be explained later.

In order to coyer up the lower die mechanism, and incidentally to support a portion of the garment when first positioned in the machine, a cover plate 23 is fitted in the upper part of'a die housing 21a and has a central opening 23a in line with the setting station. Also, as a further means to support the garment and cover, the tab-folding mechanism, a pair of stationary surface plates 24 are provided on a common plane, one on each side of the coyer .plate 23. The surface plates 24 are supported on arelatively heavy bracket 22 pivotally mounted on the frame extension 12a as .at 25 (Fig. 4). This pivotal mount of the bracket 22 permits the latter with all its attached parts to tilt forwardly relative to the machine for the pi: sepf making repairs ,or adjustments to the mechanism. The bracket 22 may be held in locked position with the frame extension 12a by means I of a nc s lsb 2. .4-

A work-holding carriage, generally indicated by the numeral 26, is mounted to move across the front of the machine in both directions for each cycle of the machine operations. Also associated with this carriage are the folding and trimming tools, to be described later, that operate on the extended tabs Te of the garment. The carriage 26 consists of a pair of spaced guide rods 27 held together at the opposite ends by tie brackets 28 and 29 suitably anchored thereto. The rods 27 are slidably mounted in bearings 30, formed as a part of pivoting bracket 22. The right tie bracket 29 is formed with an elongated slot 31 in which operates a roller bearing 32 carried on the outer end of a lever 33 that operates the carriage 26 from a gear-and-cam drive such as shown in the above-referred-to patent. Operation of the lever 33 serves to move the carriage '26 across the front of the machine into selected positions for the setting of the fastener elements upon the garment.

Garment holding fingers and guides In order to hold the garment upon the carriage 26 as it travels from one position to another, a pair of support plates and holding fingers grip the garment and cause it to travel with the carriage through its cycle of operations. Also, locating plates are provided that serve to set the garment in proper position on the carriage rela tive to the setting station. Also movable with the carriage are the fingers for folding the extended ends of the tabs Te preliminary to the fastener setting operation.

The above mechanism is substantially the same on either side of the setting station and it is considered sufiicient to describe only one side of the mechanism, a front elevation of the left side being shown in larger scale in Fig. 3. A pair of carrier blocks 34 are slidably mounted on the rods 27. Each block 34 fixedly supports thereon a locating plate 35 that extends inwardly toward the center of the machine, said plate 35 having spaced upstanding lugs 36 against which the edge of the garment can be abutted to limit its insertion into the machine. The inner ends of the plates 35 are provided with relatively thin forward extensions 37 that slide over the top of the surface plates 24 as well as a portion of the cover plate 23 and against which the garment is gripped by the combination holding fingers and shearing edges (to be described later) for the purpose of clamping garment to the carriage 26.

In order to operate the various units associated with the carriage, a longitudinal square shaft 38 is mounted in suitable bushings 39 rotatable in bearings 40 attached to the carrier blocks 34 as by screws 41 (Figs. 2 and 3). The square shaft 38 is caused to move longitudinally with the carriage 26 by means of a grooved collar 42 pinned to the left end of said square shaft. An anchor plate 43 is engaged in the groove of this collar 42 to permit the latter to rotate with the shaft 38 and plate 43 is made secure to the outer side of the left bracket 28 as by screws 44. Carried by the shaft 38 are a pair of holding fingers 45 having associated therewith a shearing edge to be described later. The holding fingers 45 have relatively long bearing supports 45a formed with a square bore for slidable and non-rotatable mounting upon the square shaft 38. The holding fingers 45, as shown in Fig. 5, are formed with downward bosses 45b that serve to engage the garment and grip it against the garment support extensions 37 on plates 35. Carried upon the square shaft 38 adjacent the fingers 45 are stop arms 46 also formed with long bearings 46a having a square bore for slidable and non-rotatable connection with said shaft. The stop arms 46 serve to register the shearing edges of the fingers 45 with reference to the upper setting die unit to be explained later.

In order to adjust the machine to accommodate varying spaces between the fastener elements set on the garment, the holding fingers 45, stop arms 46 and other elements on the square shaft 38 are slidable as a unit relative to each other. For this purpose, a pair of bevel gears 47 are slidably mounted on the shaft 38 and abutted against the outer ends of bearings 40. A pair of collars 48, also slidable on shaft 38, are abutted against the opposite or inner ends of the bearings 40, and another pair of grooved collars 49 are similarly mounted on the shaft 38 inwardly of the holding fingers 45. Between the collars 48 and the stop arms 46 are a set of compression springs 50 and between the grooved collars 49 and the holding fingers 45 are another set of compression springs 51, said sets of springs 50 and 51 serving to hold the bearings 40, stop arms 46 and holding fingers 45 in yieldingly abutted relation against each other on the shaft 38. Spacer bars 52 are provided with outer lugs that engage in grooves 47a provided in the hub of the gears 47 and held there in place as by screws 53. The inner lugs of the bars 52 engage in grooves 49a of the grooved collars 49 and are held there in place as by screws 54. From the above construction, it will be noted that all the parts on the square shaft 38 located between the inturned lugs of spacer bars 52, including the bearings 40, can be moved as a unit along said shaft 38, the location of which is determined by the position of the carrier blocks 34 upon guide rods 27.

In order to apply rotary motion to the square shaft 38, to move the holding fingers 45 from open to closed position to grip the garment, the left collar 48 only is provided with an upstanding actuating arm 55 carrying a roller 56 on its upper end that is adapted to engage against a flat control bar 57 supported by a bell crank lever 58 and a support arm 59, both secured to a shaft 60 pivoting on a bracket 61 attached to the frame 12 (see Figs. 1 and 4). The lower arm of the bell crank lever 58 may be actuated by a solenoid 62 in proper timed sequence, the solenoid operating the bell crank lever 58 against the influence of a coil spring 63. The roller 56 on the end of arm 55 is normally held in tensioned engagement against the control bar 57 by a coil tension spring 64 connected between the left collar 48 and a pin 64a attached to left carrier block 34, the spring 64 normally urging the arm 55 to swing and the square shaft 38 to rotate in a counterclockwise direction as viewed in Fig. 4.

The folding mechanism Attached to the upper surface of each carrier block 34 and movable therewith is a guideway 65 having a dovetail slot in which is slidably mounted a folder finger slide 66 (see Figs. 3 and 4). The folder finger slide 66 is formed with a pair of upstanding bearing lugs 69 between which is pivoted the downward projection 70a of an elongated folder finger 70 normally positioned in an elongated slot 24a provided in the stationary surface plate 24 with the upper surface of said finger normally flush with the plate 24. The inner end of the folder finger 70 is formed with an arcuate tip 70b that co-acts with a folder pin 71 projecting forwardly from one of the upstanding lugs 36 on plate 35 for the purpose of folding the extended tabs Te of the garment tapes T upon itself as will be fully explained later. Pivotal motion is imparted to the folder finger 70 by a cam lobe 70c integral with the underside of said finger and positioned inwardly of the finger pivot projection 70a, the lobe 70c co-acting with a roller 68 mounted on upstanding bearing lugs 67 on guideway 65. The cam lobe 700 is normally positioned outwardly of the roller 68 and is urged downwardly thereagainst by a coil spring 72 compressed between the outer end of the folder finger 70 and the upper surface of the slide 66.

Reciprocal movement is imparted to the slide 66 for moving the folder finger 70 inwardly and outwardly for folding and releasing the garment tab Te, which movement is derived from the rotation of the bevel gear 47 on square shaft 38 previously referred to. For this purpose, the slide 66 has an upstanding pin 73 operating in an elongated slot in one end of a swinging arm 74 keyed to a vertical stud shaft 75 supported in a bearing boss 34a olfset and integral with the carrier block 34. Also keyed to the stud shaft 73 and positioned above the arm 74 is another beveled gear 76 meshing with the bevel gear 47 on square shaft 38, the rotation of which will obviously impart sliding motion to the folder fingers 70. The inward motion of the slide 66 is imparted against the influence of a compression spring 77 located between a dependent lug 66a on the outer end of slide 66 and the adjacent end of guideway 65.

To allow the machine to accommodate different sizes of the garments where the fasteners will have different spacings, provision is made to move one set of each, the hold-down fingers and the folding fingers, toward or away from each other and for this purpose they are slidably mounted on the carriage 26. A pair of rack members 78 and 79 operate in suitable slots in the top surface of the right end bracket 29 and are held in place by an index plate 80, said plate being secured to said end bracket as by screws 81 (see Fig. 2). The innermost rack 78 is the shorter of the two and is attached to the top surface of the right carrier block 34 as by screws 82. The outermost rack 79 is relatively long and has an offset portion 79a which brings its left end into alignment with the short rack 78. The long extension of rack 79 is secured to the top surface of the left carrier block 34 as by screws 83. Between the free ends of the racks 78 and 79 is a pinion gear 84 keyed to a vertical stud shaft 85 which is supported in a bearing 2% formed as an integral and oflfset part of the right end bracket 29. The shaft 85 extends upwardly through a suitable opening in the index plate 80 where an indexing handle 86 is secured thereto. The index plate 80 is provided with a series of holes 80a within which may be selectively engaged the pin end 87a of a locking screw 87 threaded in the index handle 86. To adjust the index handle 86, it is only necessary to partially loosen the screw 87 until the pin end 87a is removed from the holes 80a in the index plate 80 and change the handle setting to a new position and tighten the screw 87 with its pin end in the desired index hole. It will be obvious with any swinging motion of the handle 86, the carrier blocks 34 with all the units and parts carried thereby will be moved along the rods 27 as well as along the square rod 38 for the purpose of properly locating the holding fingers 45 and its associated shearing edge 45a in relationship to the setting station.

The shearing mechanism for shearing the ends of the extended tabs Te after they are folded upon the garment will now be described. The shearing operation is accomplished after the carriage 26 with all its associated mechanism is moved to the position shown in Fig. 3. As best shown in Figs. 3, 5 and 6, the two opposite sides of the fastener element receiver 17, carried on the lower end of the upper setting die 14a are formed with cutting edges 17a. The holding fingers 45 intermediate their ends are provided each with an upwardly opening recess 450 within which the tab ends Te of the garment are adapted tobe received before the cutting operation. The base of recess 45c is formed with an inclined surface 450? that with the inner surface of the finger 45 provides a shearing edge 45c which co-acts with the cutting edge 17a of the receiver 17 for severing the tab ends. It will be noted from Fig. 3 that the inner side edge of the finger 45 during the cutting operation is tensioned against the adjacent side of the receiver 17 by reason of the compression spring 51 located between said finger and collar 49 on shaft 38. To assure that the shearing edge 45a and the cutting ed e 17a are in proper cutting position, the inner surface of the finger 45 is formed with a pair of inclined eam surfaces 45 at opposite ends of the recess 450 which cam surfaces engage the adjacent side surface of the receiver 17 and align the shearing edge 45c with the cutting edge 1711.

Because of the amount of backlash inherent in a ma- -6 chine of this type, it is necessary to provide means to insure that the two cutting edges 17a and 45e will be close enough to properly cut the tape material, yet not come together one on top of the other and smash the complemental parts. For this reason, the stop arms 46 previous ly described are adapted to abut the heads of adjustable set screws threaded into opposite sides of frame extension 12a and held in adjusted position by lock nuts 91. If the carriage 26, as best seen in Fig. 3, should shift slightly too far to the right, the cutting edges 45c and 1711 would not be close enough together to perform a clean cutting action on the tab Te but would tend to tear or drag the tab material between the cutting edges. To prevent this condition, the left stop arm 46 contacts left set screw 90 on the fr me extension 12a thus slightly compressing the spring 50 and allowing the spring 51 to expand and move the holder-cutter finger 45 so that its left side is in abutting relationship with the right side of the receiver 17, and with the cutting edge 17a of the receiver 17 in contact with some portion of the cam surfaces 45 on said finger 45. As the plunger 14 descends, the finger 45 will, of course, be urged to the right by the camming action of the cam surfaces 45 against the influence of spring 51 causing the cutting edges 17a H and 452 to glide past each other in contiguous relationship similar to a pair of shears and assuring a clean cut of the tab Te.

One of the provisions of this machine is to position the lower die when in its normal inactive position such that the prong ring F2 when fed thereto will be below the cover plate '23 so as not to interfere with the assembly of the garment into the machine which might otherwise dislodge the prong ring from the end of the lower die.

Another provision is to operate the lower die in conjunction with the upper die unit to cause the prongs of the prong ring to pierce through the folded tab Te just prior to the shearing operation to prevent slipping of the tab relative to the cutting blade and also to shift the tab material with the prong member during the usual self-aligning of the prong member with the socket member coincident with the setting operation.

For this purpose, the lower end of the lower die 21 is connected toone end of a lever 92 suitably pivoted in the frame as at 93 and operated by a cam 94 which may be mounted on the main drive shaft of the machine (see Fig. 8). The timing of the cam 94 is such that the lower die 21 will raise to meet the descending receiver 17 carried by the upper die unit so that the prongs of the prong member will be partially pierced through the tab material just prior to, or at least at the start of the cutting action of the folded tab, such as shown in Fig. 9. It will be noted from Fig. 6 that the receiver 17 is slidable on the upper setting die 14a against the influence of a compression spring 95, and its lower surface contacts the folded tab to assist in forcing the tab material upon the prongs prior to the setting operation.

Operation of the machine When the size of the garment on which the fastener elements are set is determined, the proper cam will be selected and installed in the machine to actuate the carriage operating lever 33 for moving the work-holder carriage 26 the required distances in accordance with the spacing of the three fastener elements upon the garment. Also, the rack and pinion unit at the right of the machine will be adjusted to properly locate the folder pins 71 in accordance with the size of the garment operated upon. This is accomplished by loosening the locking screw 87 on the index handle 86 and turning said handle about its stud shaft 85. Turning the index handle 86 will move the racks 78 and 79, and thereby the carrier blocks 34 with all the parts that are attached thereto, .to a position where the folder pins 71 will be spaced to correspond substantially to the width of that edge of the garment on which the fasteners are set, after which the locking screw 87 may be aligned with one hole 80a in the index plate 80 nearest screw 87 and tightened to hold the adjusted units on the carriage in locked position. By reason of the rack and pinion connection between the tools on each side of the setting station, it is assured that after any adjustment, the tools will be equidistant from the setting station.

Now the edge of the garment having the tapes T stitched thereto with the extended tabs Te will be placed on the cover plate 23 and surface plates 24 with that edge of the garment abutted against the lugs 36 on the locating plates 35 and with the end tabs Te of the tape T extending underneath the folder pins 71 and overlying the folder fingers 70. As explained in the above-referredto patent, this machine is operated through a two-stage foot switch. Depressing the switch only to the first stage will actuate the solenoid 62 attached to the lower end of the bell crank lever 58, causing the said lever and the fiat bar 57 carried thereby to move clockwise against the spring 63 as viewed in Fig. 4. The fiat bar 57 will move the actuating arm 55 and the square rod 38 in a clockwise direction causing the holder-cutting fingers 45 to clamp the tape T to the forward extensions 37 of locating plates 35. Clockwise rotation of the square rod 38 will also rotate bevel gears 47 and their mating bevel gears 76 thereby swinging the arms 74 inwardly and causing inward movement of the slides 66 and the folder fingers 70 carried thereby. Inward movement of the folder fingers 70 will cause the cam lobes 700 on the underside of said fingers to ride over the rollers 68 which in the first stage of their movement will cause said fingers to elevate to the position shown in dotted outline in Fig. 3 and bend the garment end tabs Te upwardly around the folder pins 71. Further movement of the fingers 70 inwardly will cause said fingers to lower to the position shown in full outline in Fig. 3 whereby their arcuate tips 70b will fold the tabs Te over and about the folder pins 71 and cause said tabs to overlie the garment tapes with the outer end of the tabs lying in the recess 45c of the presser finger 45.

The garment is now in the proper position and made secure to the plates 35 on the carriage 26; the tabs Te are folded at the desired point and the fastener elements are ready to be attached. The foot switch is now depressed to the second stage for operating the fastenersetting units through three cycles of operations. During the first cycle, the center fastener elements will be set upon the garment edge. During the second cycle of operations. the carriage 26 will be moved to the right to the position as shown in Fig. 3 to set one of the end fastener elements upon the garment. During this fastener setting operation, the overlying tab Te will be gripped between the receiver 17 on the upper setting die 14a and the cover plate 23 over the lower die 21 with the prongs of the prong ring F2 pierced through the garment and overlapped tabbed portions T and Te, as shown in Fig. 9. As the operation of setting the second fastener continues, the right cutting edge 17a of the receiver 17 will slide past the shearing edge 45a of the holding finger 45 and shear off the excess end of the tab Te lying in the recess 450 of said fingers. During the third cycle of operation, the carriage 26 will move its full stroke to the left whereupon the other end fastener element will be set at the opposite end of the reinforced edge of the garment and similarly cutting off any excessive lengths of the tab. It will be understood that in the third cycle of operation, the right presser-cutter finger 45 will be positioned to the left side of the combined receiver 17 and cutting blade 17a. After the fastener setting operation is complete in the third cycle, the carriage will be moved back to its central starting position.

The solenoid 62 that moves bell crank lever 58 will now be de-energized and said lever will move counterclockwise under the influence of a spring 63. Actuating arm 55 will move counter-clockwise under the influence of spring 64 thereby lifting holder-cutter fingers 45 and returning the folder fingers 70 with the help of springs 72 to their horizontal position in the plane of surface plates 24. The completed garment may now be removed from the carriage 26 and another one inserted. The scrap ends of the tabs Te usually fall off the machine when the garment is removed, or they may be blown away by a jet of air if desired.

One form of the invention is presented herein for the purpose of illustration, but it will be appreciated that the invention is susceptible to changes and other structurally modified forms coming equally within the scope of the appended claims.

What I claim:

1. In a machine for setting fastener elements upon a garment having a binding tape along one edge thereof, said tape having tabs that initially extend beyond the length of said edge, said machine comprising a setting station including a setting punch, a carriage having a work support table, means on the carriage for holding the garment upon said work support table including a movable garment gripping finger, means for automatically folding the extended tabs to overlie the binding tape, common means for actuating said movable gripping fingers and folding means, and means for automatically shifting the carriage to a plurality of selected positions lincluding two positions in which the folded tabs are brought in line with the setting station of the machine, and means for setting a fastener at said setting station.

2. In combination with a machine for setting fastener elements as defined in claim 1, means for shearing oif a portion of the end of each folded tab that extends beyond the position of the fastener element adjacent each end of the garment edge.

3. In a machine for setting fastener elements upon a garment having a binding tape along one edge thereof, said tape having tabs that initially extend beyond the length of said edge, said machine comprising a carriage having a work support table, means on the carriagefor clamping a garment upon said work support table, means for automatically folding the extended tabs to overlie the binding tapes, common actuating means for said garment clamping means and said tab folding means, a setting station including a setting punch for attaching fastener elements upon said garment, means for automatically shifting the carriage to a plurality of selected positions relative to the setting station including two positions in which the folded tabs are brought in line with the setting station of the machine, means for setting a fastener at said setting station, and said garment clamping means and said setting punch having cooperating shearing means to cut the tab ends a predetermined distance from the end fastener during the fastener setting operation.

4. In combination with a machine for setting fastener elements as defined in claim 3 wherein means is provided for forcing one of the parts of the fastener elements through the garment material prior to the shearing operation of the tab ends.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 607,119 Metcalf July 12, 1898 1,424,895 Girard et al. Aug. 8, 1922 1,858,565 Sokolow et al. May 17, 1932 2,582,731 Young Jan. 15, 1952 2,709,080 Gilchrist May 24, 1955 2,734,653 Carpinella et al Feb. 14, 1956 

